Susan Berk-Seligson Essay Example for Free

Susan Berk-Seligson Essay That same year, Berk-Seligson (199o) ground-breaking study of hundreds of hours of courtroom interpreting also appeared. Her major finding was that interpreters became actively involved participants in the discourse process of courtroom proceedings. She found that court interpreters are intrusive elements in court proceedings far from being the unobtrusive figure that attorneys and judges would like her to be. For example, ordinary court procedures, as well as other participants, shift attention to interpreters on Ð ° regular basis in Ð ° courtroom. Judges have to introduce and swear in interpreters, thus calling attention to them as another participant in Ð ° judicial process, as well as calling attention to the notion of accuracy in translation. In the voir dire process with jurors, attorneys ask directly if the presence of an interpreter is bothersome. More important, what will show up repeatedly in future studies is that attorneys and judges often resort to addressing the interpreter rather than the witness when they ask their questions. Berk-Seligson also demonstrated that interpreters were not always just interpreting. They ask for permission to speak when proceedings become confusing; they ask for clarification of Ð ° term or idea; they halt proceedings when they hear Ð ° word they do not understand; they ask for repetition of what they did not hear. At times, they report difficulty, such as clarifying ambiguity, dialect differences, or grammatical problems. Finally, witnesses, defendants, plaintiffs, and other participants within the court make side comments to interpreters or talk to them directly. Moreover, she provided examples of interpreters’ who controlled the flow of testimony by urging or prompting Ð ° witness to speak or by getting witnesses and defendants to be silent. For example, interpreters say to witnesses do you understand? or answer! or answer, please. Interpreters also ask questions of witnesses such as what? or І didnt hear you. Berk-Seligsons study is the first sociolinguistic study of interpreters to follow traditional sociolinguistic studies by recording hundreds of hours of data, looking for patterns and variations in the speech of the participants (see Labov 1972). More important, it is the first published study to observe, describe, and evaluate interpreters active participation in the role of one who passes on what others say and in the role as an individual participant in Ð ° speech situation. Cecilia Wadensjo Interpreter-mediated conversations as Ð ° mode of communication have been dealt in the book of Wadensjo, interpreting as Interaction that was published in the year 1998. Interpreters and their responsibilities have also been included in this book. Empirical data recorded interpreter-mediated encounters within medical, legal, and social services settings have been examined in the heart of her book. Moreover, analytical frameworks of the nature of social organizations have been theoretically grounded in the works of Wadensjo. In addition, the dialogic theory of language and interaction has also been included in her works. A seminal perspective of the interpreter has been offered by her, by whom problems of translations are not the only that are solved as an engaged actor, but problems of mutual understanding in situated interaction are also solved. Two interdependent activities-translations and coordination are consisted in the interpreting that was revealed by the application of a dialogic framework. Moreover, two kinds of talk are created by the interpreters, which is a fact that established the abovementioned revealing of the interpreting. In this regard, relaying of a message generates first type of talk, and the assisting of a flow of talk by the interpreter generates the second type of talk. When the interpreters role performance is investigated as interaction [italics hers], however, when the interpreter is studied in relation to Ð ° relevant audience or role others (Goffman), it becomes self-evident that the dialogue interpreter must be conceived of as both relayer and co-ordinator (1992: 266). Examples of utterances directed at the interpreter and from the interpreter have also been provided by her. The content of the relayed message has not been included in these examples. Thus, perception of a co-ordinate activity among the participants, as well as, Ð ° responsibility of the interpreter has been included in the progression of talk. Mutual and shared understanding has been created by the progression and substance of talk, and the distribution of responsibility for this among co-interlocutors in an interpreter-mediated conversation. Understanding in conversation and its opposite miscommunication has been problematized by Wadensjo, in order to further elaborate on interpreter rights and responsibilities. In this regard, three different ways in terms of handling of miscommunication events by the interpreters have been showed by Wadensjo. Perspectives for the constituting of sufficient understanding among the participants are revealed by the ways, in which miscommunication is dealt by the interpreters. In this regard, exploration of interpreters and their responsibilities has been done by Wadensjo, as it has been seen in her discussion of replaying by displaying and replaying as re-presenting. Through language, interpreters can distance themselves from an utterance they speak, Ð ° distinction that results in the primary participants better understanding of the message. Her point is that even when interpreters move further away from the role of strictly transferring, it benefits the goal-oriented exchange. By noticing this distancing, it demonstrates how the reality of interpreting does not reflect the idealized pedagogy about how interpreters do their work. Notably, in manifesting this distance, we get an idea of personal style. While the old adage to just translate and translate everything is Ð ° useful shorthand for explaining interpreting to lay persons and newcomers, it is not useful for explanations needed to define interpreting as Ð ° profession and to define the actual rights and responsibilities that define the everyday experience of interpreting work. A vast new perspective for understanding, researching and teaching the work of interpreters has been opened by Wadensjo. The perspective of interpreter as engaged actor solving not only problems of translation but problems of mutual understanding has been offered by Wadensjo in a seminal way. It has been suggested in her first full-length work that the task of interpreting much better can be understood by people, if the perception of interactivity of the primary participants should be accounted, as compared with the looking up of interpreter and the interpreted message. Again for the first time, a deeply theoretical understanding of the complex nature of participation in an interpreter-mediated encounter has been provided by the frameworks of social interaction and dialogic linguistics. Wadensjo differs from Berk-Seligson in attempting to understand interpreters as they do their job, not evaluating them against idealized and unsubstantiated notions of ideal practice.

Medicare :: Long term care

http://www.govreform.org/wws201.pdf Where we Stand? Personal Retirement Accounts: The Opportunity to Choose and Control our Future: February 2001 working ratio 2:1 by 2030 http://www.keytocare.com/pay_for_it.htm Long Term Health Care Are you likely to need long-term care? This year about seven million men and women over the age of 65 will need long-term care. By the year 2005, the number will increase to nine million. By the year 2020, 12 million older Americans will need long-term care. Most will be cared for at home; family members and friends are the sole caregivers for 70 percent of elderly people. But a study by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services indicates that people of age 65 face at least a 40 percent lifetime risk of entering a nursing home. About 10 percent will stay there five years or longer. The American population is growing older, and the group over age 85 is now the fastest-growing segment of the population. The odds of entering a nursing home, and staying for longer periods, increase with age. In fact, statistics show that at any given time, 22 percent of those age 85 and older are in a nursing home. Because women generally outlive men by several years, they face a 50 percent greater likelihood than men of entering a nursing home after age 65. You may never need a nursing home. But the longer you live, the greater the chance that you will need some form of long-term care. Copyright  © 2000 Health Insurance Association of America http://www.aarp.org/confacts/health/privltc.html What you should know about Long Term Health Care †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should I buy long-term care insurance?

What Activities and Hobbies Do You Pursue Outside of Work?

Outside of work, I participate in a variety of activities and hobbies. These activities provide me with the opportunity to learn, take on challenges, and have fun. In addition, I believe my hobbies allow for relaxation and inner growth.I enjoy learning new information through reading, surfing the Internet, watching television, and shopping. From the breaking news in Iraq to the latest gift catalog from World Vision, the Internet has become one of my major resources to get updates on the world. My most recent interest is in learning HTML code to enhance my newly created web page on Aloha Tower Marketplace with flash and graphics.Shopping is another activity that I frequently do outside of work. To most people, shopping is a routine and necessary activity that involves going to the supermarket for dinner, buying a new sweater at Macy’s for the upcoming winter, or picking up the latest Harry Potter book in Barnes & Noble for a nephew’s birthday.To me, however, shopping is a pleasurable activity, as well as a chance to observe market trends. To a marketer for a shopping mall, understanding the competition is very important.I also like to watch stage shows or go to the movies on the weekends. My favorite stage show is â€Å"Once Upon One Time,† a musical written in Pidgin by a local playwright, Lisa Matsumoto. It is a fusion of many famous tales of Hawaiian culture and life.From various shows, I have learned to appreciate the incredible art of theater and recognize the efforts in place to protect Hawaiian culture. I prefer stage shows to movie productions because the stage leaves more to the imagination and the audience can interpret the themes.Along with indoor activities, I like to spend time outdoors when my schedule allows. I regularly challenge my fear of heights by hiking to the peaks of mountains to enjoy the fresh air and terrific scenery. Whether choosing a hobby or a job, my goal is always self-improvement, the same as my goals in life .

The Immigration Of The United States - 2443 Words

The United States is a haven for those searching for a better life. Flooding to this country by the thousands, immigrants then and now have journeyed to the land of the free in an attempt to obtain a lifestyle based upon America’s concept of â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† With tons of people entering the country, America quickly evolved into the ultimate melting pot that welcomed all who desired to become a part of it. As time has went by and millions of immigrants have journeyed to the country, America still radiates a welcoming persona towards new immigrants. However, with such a vast number of foreigners who desire residency into the country, entry into America has become much more complicated. As a result, this new era has erupted another kind of immigrant: the illegal immigrant. Desperate to become a part of the opportunistic American culture, thousands upon thousands of immigrants have began to enter America illegally. Not abiding the laws set forth by the American government, these immigrants enter the country and stealthily assimilate themselves into the culture of America. With the influence of copious factors such as huge borders and defiant citizens who neglect to abide by the law, the government essentially permits these individuals to enter the country and actually inflict some serious damage. Ultimately, as America’s government is not able to enforce the reformations of immigra tion, illegal immigration is further reformed and ignored, which isShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. 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